专题:美联储宣布降息25个基点 符合市场预期
来源:华尔街见闻
11月7日周四,美联储如期降息25个基点,下调联邦基金利率目标区间至4.5%-4.75%,但决议声明删除关于“在抗通胀问题上获得信心”的表述,或暗示对12月暂停降息持开放态度。
美东当地时间下午2点半,美联储主席鲍威尔出席记者会,赞扬美国经济整体表现强劲,承认劳动力市场持续降温和“有一份通胀数据比预料要高”,也明确表态美联储还会继续降息。
市场聚焦他会否就未来利率路径透露出更多有实际意义的线索、是否点评美国大选对于美国经济前景的影响,以及特朗普潜在的减税、关税和支出计划对美联储后续政策与监管制度的影响。
开场白:就业市场不是显著的通胀压力来源,若通胀降温停滞且经济强,可以更慢降息
在实现准备好的开场稿件中,鲍威尔称,供应条件的改善支撑了美国经济在过去一年表现强劲,美联储在实现充分就业和稳定物价双重目标方面取得了重大进展。经济和劳动力市场依旧稳健。
他指出,新增就业速度确实较今年早些时候放缓,过去三个月平均每月新增就业10.4万人,但可能受到10月份罢工和飓风的临时拖累。失业率明显高于一年前,但在过去三个月有所下降:
“总体而言,一系列广泛的指标表明,劳动力市场的紧张状况比2019年疫情爆发前有所缓解。劳动力市场并不是显著的通胀压力来源。”
在评价通胀时,他称,“过去两年通胀率大幅下降”,9月PCE价格指数同比增2.1%,更接近2%的央行长期目标,但核心PCE同比上涨2.7%“仍然略高”,不过长期通胀预期似乎仍保持稳定。
他格外强调,美联储在“逐步转向更加中性的立场”时没有预设路径,将逐次会议依照数据、不断变化的前景与风险平衡作出“动态决策”,因为降息过快可能阻碍通胀降温,降息过慢又可能过度削弱经济活动和就业:
“如果经济保持强劲,而通胀率没有持续向2%迈进,我们可以更缓慢地减少政策限制(注:更慢降息)。如果劳动力市场意外走弱,或者通胀率下降速度快于预期,我们可以更快地采取行动。”
鲍威尔:特朗普不能令我解雇或者降职,短期内大选对货币政策没影响,不排除放慢降息
在问答环节,媒体首先聚焦鲍威尔能否在特朗普第二个总统任期内“顺利届满退休”。
被问了太多次的鲍威尔反复声明自己不想回答太多政治话题,但斩钉截铁地称,就算特朗普要求他辞去美联储主席一职,他也不会从命,而且法律不允许美国总统解雇或者降职美联储高级官员。
当日稍早据报道,特朗普可能会让鲍威尔继续领导美联储,直至2026年5月任期结束,特朗普担任总统期间曾经常抨击美联储和鲍威尔,称其放松货币政策的速度不够快,阻碍美国经济繁荣。特朗普10月还称,美国总统应该有权参与利率决策,并有权对利率应该上调或下调发表评论。
鲍威尔也明确提到,短期内美国大选不会对货币政策产生影响,美联储也不会“猜测、臆测、或假设财政政策及其可能对经济的影响”。
他称今天降息后“政策仍具有限制性”,再结合他提到“对抗通胀的抗争还没有结束”,以及美联储处在更加接近中性利率的正轨上,可以推知他在提示“美联储仍会继续降息”。
不过,美联储在政策声明中打开了很快将暂停降息的可能性,鲍威尔也称,无需为了保持物价稳定这个职责而让通胀进一步降温,“随着我们接近中性利率,可能放慢降息节奏是适宜的。”
他也再次重申,“美联储并没有匆匆忙忙地要实现中性利率”,并发出警告称,在美联储寻求降低利率之际,政府的任何变动都可能影响货币政策:
“原则上,任何美国政府的政策或国会制定的政策,都可能随着时间推移产生经济影响,因此,连同无数其他因素一起,这些经济影响的预测将被纳入美联储的经济模型中,并被考虑在内。”
在特朗普胜选后,市场已经下调了对明年1月的降息预期,更主流的观点是认为届时暂停降息,这一概率从一周前的44%升至54%,对12月再降息25个基点的概率则从77%小幅降至67%。
有分析指出,特朗普胜选引发了人们对美联储可能以更慢、更平缓步伐降息的猜测,因为限制非法移民和实施新关税的政策可能会推高通胀。同时,这也会引发人们讨论美联储眼中既不限制也不刺激经济增长的“中性利率”到底是多少。
还说了什么:12月会议前会有更多数据,仍能软着陆,美国赤字和财政政策是经济阻力
鲍威尔在问答环节还提到,就业市场尚未全面实现稳定,美国劳动力市场继续降温,但步伐“非常缓慢”。商界认为,2025年的经济形势将好于今年,但地缘政治风险偏高。薪资增速仍然略微高于与2%通胀目标相一致的水平:“我们仍在朝着更中性的立场迈进,关键在于正确的步伐。”
在谈到通胀时,他承认“有一份通胀数据略高于预期”,但并不能令其担心经济:
“总体而言,我们对经济活动感到乐观。与此同时,我们得到了一份通胀报告,虽然不是很糟糕,但确实比预期高了一点。
但是到12月,我们将获得更多数据,比如还会有一份就业报告、两份通胀报告和大量其他数据,我们将在12月的会议上做出决定。”
他还重申,美联储依旧相信会实现“软着陆”,“相信我们可以在实现强劲就业的同时完成抗击高通胀的任务”,而且美国人的长期通胀预期仍锚定良好。
在谈到10年期美债收益率自9月美联储大幅降息以来飙升超70个基点时,鲍威尔认为美债收益率走高主要受经济增长驱动,而不是货币政策驱动:
“现在判断美国国债收益率的走势还言之过早,似乎债券走势并非由通胀高于预期主导,经济活动数据一直都比预期的更强劲。”
同时,美债收益率走高也不可避免与特朗普政府未来大举发债、导致财政赤字愈发巨大的预期有关,鲍威尔直言美国赤字不断上升和整体财政政策仍是经济的阻力,联邦债务规模不可持续:
“我们的债务水平相对于经济而言并非不合适,而是这条路径不可持续。在赤字巨大的情况下,目前处于充分就业状态,并且预计这种情况将继续下去,因此处理(财政赤字)这个问题很重要,这最终是对经济的威胁。”
鲍威尔实现准备好的记者会开场白稿件原文如下:
下午好。我和我的同事们仍然专注于实现我们的双重使命目标,即充分就业和稳定物价,以造福美国人民。经济总体强劲,过去两年在实现我们的目标方面取得了重大进展。劳动力市场已从之前的过热状态降温并保持稳健。截至9月份,通货膨胀率已从7%的峰值大幅下降至2.1%。我们致力于通过支持充分就业和将通货膨胀率恢复到2%的目标来保持经济的强劲。
Good afternoon. My colleagues and I remain squarely focused on achieving our dual mandate goals of maximum employment and stable prices for the benefit of the American people. The economy is strong overall and has made significant progress toward our goals over the past two years. The labor market has cooled from its formerly overheated state and remains solid. Inflation has eased substantially from a peak of 7 percent to 2.1 percent as of September. We are committed to maintaining our economy’s strength by supporting maximum employment and returning inflation to our 2 percent goal.
今天,联邦公开市场委员会决定采取进一步措施,降低政策约束程度,将政策利率下调25个基点。我们仍然相信,只要适当调整我们的政策立场,经济和劳动力市场的强劲势头就能保持下去,通胀率将持续下降至2%。我们还决定继续减少证券持有量。在简要回顾经济发展情况后,我将就货币政策发表更多看法。
Today, the FOMC decided to take another step in reducing the degree of policy restraint by lowering our policy interest rate by 1/4 percentage point. We continue to be confident that with an appropriate recalibration of our policy stance, strength in the economy and the labor market can be maintained, with inflation moving sustainably down to 2 percent. We also decided to continue to reduce our securities holdings. I will have more to say about monetary policy after briefly reviewing economic developments.
最近的指标显示,经济活动继续稳步增长。第三季度国内生产总值年增长率为2.8%,与第二季度大致相同。消费支出增长保持韧性,设备和无形资产投资增强。相比之下,房地产行业的活动一直疲软。总体而言,供应条件的改善支撑了美国经济在过去一年的强劲表现。
Recent indicators suggest that economic activity has continued to expand at a solid pace. GDP rose at an annual rate of 2.8 percent in the third quarter, about the same pace as in the second quarter. Growth of consumer spending has remained resilient, and investment in equipment and intangibles has strengthened. In contrast, activity in the housing sector has been weak. Overall, improving supply conditions have supported the strong performance of the U.S. economy over the past year.
劳动力市场状况依然稳健。就业岗位增长速度较今年早些时候有所放缓,过去三个月平均每月新增10.4万个。如果不是因为10月份罢工和飓风对就业的影响,这一数字可能会更高一些。关于飓风,请允许我向所有受到这些毁灭性风暴影响的家庭、企业和社区表示慰问。失业率明显高于一年前,但在过去三个月有所下降,10月仍保持在4.1%的低位。名义工资增长在过去一年有所放缓,开放岗位数量与求职工人之间的差距有所缩小。总体而言,一系列广泛的指标表明,劳动力市场的紧张状况比2019年疫情爆发前有所缓解。劳动力市场并不是重大通胀压力的来源。
In the labor market, conditions remain solid. Payroll job gains have slowed from earlier in the year, averaging 104 thousand per month over the past three months. This figure would have been somewhat higher were it not for the effects of labor strikes and hurricanes on employment in October. Regarding the hurricanes, let me extend our sympathies to all the families, businesses, and communities who have been harmed by these devastating storms. The unemployment rate is notably higher than it was a year ago, but has edged down over the past three months and remains low at 4.1 percent in October. Nominal wage growth has eased over the past year, and the jobs-to-workers gap has narrowed. Overall, a broad set of indicators suggests that conditions in the labor market are now less tight than just before the pandemic in 2019. The labor market is not a source of significant inflationary pressures.
过去两年,通货膨胀率大幅下降。截至9月份的12个月内,PCE总价格上涨了2.1%;除去波动较大的食品和能源类别,核心PCE价格上涨了2.7%。总体而言,通货膨胀率已更接近我们2% 的长期目标,但核心通货膨胀率仍然略高。从对家庭、企业和预测者的广泛调查以及金融市场的指标来看,长期通胀预期似乎仍保持稳定。
Inflation has eased significantly over the past two years. Total PCE prices rose 2.1 percent over the 12 months ending in September; excluding the volatile food and energy categories, core PCE prices rose 2.7 percent. Overall, inflation has moved much closer to our 2 percent longer-run goal, but core inflation remains somewhat elevated. Longer-term inflation expectations appear to remain well anchored, as reflected in a broad range of surveys of households, businesses, and forecasters, as well as measures from financial markets.
我们的货币政策行动以促进美国人民充分就业和物价稳定为双重使命。我们认为实现就业和通胀目标的风险大致平衡,我们关注我们两方面使命各自面临的风险。
Our monetary policy actions are guided by our dual mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people. We see the risks to achieving our employment and inflation goals as being roughly in balance, and we are attentive to the risks to both sides of our mandate.
在今天的会议上,委员会决定将联邦基金利率目标区间下调25个基点,至4.5%到4.75%的区间。进一步调整我们的政策立场将有助于保持经济和劳动力市场的强劲,并将继续推动通胀进一步下降,也令我们将逐步转向更加中性的立场。
At today’s meeting the Committee decided to lower the target range for the federal funds rate by 1/4 percentage point, to 4-1/2 to 4-3/4 percent. This further recalibration of our policy stance will help maintain the strength of the economy and the labor market and will continue to enable further progress on inflation as we move toward a more neutral stance over time.
我们知道,过快减少政策约束可能会阻碍通胀(降温)的进展。同时,过慢减少政策约束可能会过度削弱经济活动和就业。在考虑对联邦基金利率目标区间进行额外调整时,委员会将仔细评估即将公布的数据、不断变化的前景和风险平衡。我们没有任何预设的路线,将继续逐次会议做出决定。
We know that reducing policy restraint too quickly could hinder progress on inflation. At the same time, reducing policy restraint too slowly could unduly weaken economic activity and employment. In considering additional adjustments to the target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will carefully assess incoming data, the evolving outlook, and the balance of risks. We are not on any preset course. We will continue to make our decisions meeting by meeting.
随着经济的发展,货币政策将进行调整,以最好地促进我们实现充分就业和价格稳定目标。如果经济保持强劲,而通胀率没有持续向2%迈进,我们可以更缓慢地减少政策限制。如果劳动力市场意外走弱,或者通胀率下降速度快于预期,我们可以更快地采取行动。政策已经准备好应对我们在追求双重使命时面临的风险和不确定性。
As the economy evolves, monetary policy will adjust in order to best promote our maximum employment and price stability goals. If the economy remains strong and inflation is not sustainably moving toward 2 percent, we can dial back policy restraint more slowly. If the labor market were to weaken unexpectedly or inflation were to fall more quickly than anticipated, we can move more quickly. Policy is well positioned to deal with the risks and uncertainties that we face in pursuing both sides of our dual mandate.
美联储被赋予了两个货币政策目标——最大限度就业和稳定物价。我们仍然致力于支持最大限度就业,将通胀率持续降至2%的目标,并保持长期通胀预期稳定。我们能否成功实现这些目标对所有美国人来说都至关重要。我们明白,我们的行动会影响到全美各地的社区、家庭和企业。我们所做的一切都是为了履行我们的公共使命。美联储将竭尽全力实现最大限度就业和物价稳定的目标。谢谢,期待讨论。
The Fed has been assigned two goals for monetary policy—maximum employment and stable prices. We remain committed to supporting maximum employment, bringing inflation sustainably to our 2 percent goal, and keeping longer-term inflation expectations well anchored. Our success in delivering on these goals matters to all Americans. We understand that our actions affect communities, families, and businesses across the country. Everything we do is in service to our public mission. We at the Fed will do everything we can to achieve our maximum employment and price stability goals. Thank you. I look forward to our discussion.